Revised 18 September
Telescopes are instruments which use multiple lenses to produce magnified images of distant objects. It is unclear who invented the first telescope: lenses had been widely used in Europe to correct poor eyesight since the fourteenth century and I expect that, over time, the telescope was actually invented many times by different individuals, who discovered that combining different lenses could produce a magnified image.
In a spectacle maker called Hans Lippershey applied to the Dutch government for a patent for a device for seeing at a distance. His application was refused and, in the resulting publicity, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei () became aware of the device. Galileo refined the early telescopes to produce instruments with better magnification and in he took the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope. Indeed, the first use of the word telescope, which is constructed from the Greek words &#;tele&#; meaning &#;far&#; and &#;skopos&#; meaning &#;seeing&#;, is associated with Galileo&#;s instrument.
Galileo Galilei &#; image from Wikimedia Commons
How the Galilean telescope works
There are various combination
The Galileo Project
This award-wining site offers valuable information on the life and work of the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (), as well as on the scientific community of 17th-century Europe. The site was created to give students much needed background, context, and primary sources in English for a course on Galileo and the Scientific Revolution. As such, the site provides one of the most useful online introductions to the history of science, as well as over 15 links to other relevant sites and sources.
The home page is divided into eight principal links: “Galileo,” “Biography,” “Chronology,” “Family,” “Portraits,” “Science,” “Christianity,” and "Library." They provide much more than a full outline of Galileo’s life and career. There are more than 50 illustrations—many from Galileo’s own drawings and published works—as well as more than a dozen detailed links on all of Galileo’s major discoveries and scientific ideas: motion, sun spots, his development of the telescope, and the moons of Jupiter being only the most well known. The site also takes the user through Galileo’s major publications, building up to his “Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems” published in This i
The Galileo Project is a source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (). Our aim is to provide hypertextual information about Galileo and the science of his time to viewers of all ages and levels of expertise. What you read and see here is a beginning -- we will continue to add and update information as it becomes available. We solicit contributions from our colleagues in the history of science and comments on how we can improve the project from everyone, particularly suggestions on how to make this tool more useful in primary and secondary education.
This project is currently supported by the Office of the Vice President of Computing of Rice University. The initial stages of the project were made possible by a grant from the Council on Library Resources to Fondren Library.
- Albert Van Helden, Elizabeth Burr
| Johannes Hevelius observing with one of his telescopes [click for larger image] |
The Telescope
The telescope was one of the central instruments of what has been called the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. It revealed hitherto unsuspected phenomena in the heavens and had a profound influence on the controversy between followers of the traditional geocentric astronomy and cosmology and those who favored the heliocentric system of Copernicus. It was the first extension of one of man's senses, and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that the great Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But the telescope was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of its origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by and large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible.
Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of convex and concave transparent objects was known in Antiquity, lenses as we know them were introduced in the Wes
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