Torture in Light of the Bull Ad extirpanda () of Pope Innocent IV
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Cathars and Cathar Beliefs in the Languedoc
Documents: Ad extirpanda, Bull of Pope Innocent IV, 15 May,
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Pope Innocent IV was the th. He was among the most important popes of the medieval period with his reign from A.D. to A.D. In his pontificate, he battled with Frederick II the Holy Roman Emperor until Innocent finally proved the victor.
The popes devout conviction in the universal papacy caused him to try to re-unify the estranged halves of the eastern and western churches and to proselytize the East.
Brief History and Background of Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV Upbringing, Early Career, and Election to the Papacy
Pope Innocent IV was born with the given name of Sinibaldo Fieschi to Count Hugo Fliscus of Lavagna. Their family had standing in financial as well as church circles. Sinibaldo went to Parma to study under the tutelage of three uncles, all of whom were bishops. From Parma he went to the most illustrious canonists school (at Bologna) and grew into a canon law master. Sinibaldo served as the canon for the Genoa Cathedral before becoming the canon of the Parma Cathedral.
The church made Sinibaldo the bishop of Albenga in Italy in the year A.D. Pope Gregory IX elevated him to the offices of the vice chancellor for the church and the St. Lawrence cardin
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